Resumo As comunidades de borboletas mais ricas do mundo são encontradas na Amazônia. Apesar disso, e da importância dos inventários de espécies para o conhecimento dos padrões de diversidade, existem poucas listas abrangentes de borboletas para localidades da Amazônia brasileira. Aqui, apresentamos uma lista atualizada das borboletas do Cristalino Lodge (Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brasil), no sul da Amazônia, baseada em espécimes coletados por pesquisadores e em registros fotográficos feitos por ecoturistas, observadores de borboletas e guias turísticos. Com 1010 espécies registradas, essa é atualmente a maior lista de borboletas publicada para uma localidade no Brasil e a primeira a atingir 1000 espécies, sendo mais de um terço dos registros provenientes da ciência cidadã. A região apresenta cerca de 29% das espécies de borboletas do Brasil e uma das maiores riquezas conhecidas no país, inferior apenas a áreas no oeste da Amazônia. Sua fauna é composta principalmente por espécies amplamente distribuídas na planície amazônica, com adição de algumas típicas do Cerrado. Possui um número relativamente baixo de espécies da tribo Ithomiini (Nymphalidae: Danainae), que é geralmente considerada uma boa indicadora da riqueza total de borboletas em florestas neotropicais, o que aponta para a necessidade de cautela ao se usar um grupo taxonômico como previsor da riqueza de comunidades inteiras. O presente trabalho destaca a importância da ciência cidadã e dos centros de ecoturismo para inventários e dados sobre distribuição de espécies em florestas tropicais diversas.

Abstract The richest butterfly communities in the world are found in the Amazon rainforest. Despite of this, and the importance of species inventories for the knowledge of diversity patterns, there are few comprehensive lists of butterflies for localities in the Brazilian Amazon. Here, we present an updated list of the butterflies of Cristalino Lodge (Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil), in southern Amazonia, based on specimens collected by researchers and photographic records taken by ecotourists, butterfly watchers, and tour guides. With 1010 species recorded, this is currently the largest list of butterflies published for a single locality in Brazil and the first to reach (and surpass) 1000 species, with more than one third of the records coming from citizen science. The region has about 29% of the butterfly species in Brazil and one of the greatest richnesses known in the country, inferior only to areas in the western Amazon. Its fauna is mainly composed of species widely distributed in lowland Amazonia, with the addition of some species typical of the Cerrado. It has a relatively low number of species of the tribe Ithomiini (Nymphalidae: Danainae), generally considered a good indicator of the total butterfly diversity in neotropical forests, which points to the need for caution when using a single taxonomic group as a surrogate of richness of entire communities. The present work highlights the importance of citizen science and ecotourism centers for inventories and data on species distribution in diverse tropical forests.

Little is known about how the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of the public child welfare workforce influence implementation of evidence-based practice (EBP) as most research has focused on the private workforce. This paper reports on public child welfare staff knowledge, attitudes, and practices in a state implementing the EBP, SafeCare®. A survey of public child welfare staff (N = 222) was conducted to assess knowledge, familiarity, and referral barriers and practices. Knowledge of and familiarity with SafeCare were low, especially among front line staff (case managers). Attitudes toward SafeCare were fairly positive, but somewhat less so than attitudes toward a standard, non-evidenced based parenting program. Case managers were significantly less likely to have made a referral (15%) than other staff (46%). Job tenure had few effects on familiarity, knowledge, attitudes, or referrals. The strongest predictors of having made referrals were familiarity with SafeCare and job position.

Se sabe poco sobre cómo influyen el conocimiento, las actitudes y las conductas de los profesionales del sistema público de protección infantil en la implantación de programas basados en la evidencia (PBE), ya que gran parte de la investigación sobre este tema se ha centrado en el ámbito privado. Este artículo informa acerca de los conocimientos, las actitudes y las prácticas de un equipo público de protección infantil que lleva la implantación en un Estado de EE.UU. de un PBE (SafeCare®). Se aplicó una encuesta a 222 profesionales que trabajaban en protección infantil para evaluar el conocimiento, la familiaridad y las dificultades y prácticas de derivación de casos. El conocimiento y la familiaridad con SafeCare® era bajo, especialmente entre profesionales de primera línea (responsables de casos). Las actitudes hacia SafeCare® eran bastante positivas, pero un poco menos que las actitudes hacia un programa utilizado habitualmente y no basado en la evidencia. Los responsables de casos tenían significativamente menos posibilidades de derivar (15%) que otros profesionales (46%). La antigüedad en el trabajo influye poco en el conocimiento, las actitudes o las derivaciones al programa. Los predictores que más influyeron en el número de derivaciones a SafeCare® fueron la familiaridad con el programa y el tipo de contrato laboral.

Changes in the environment are first observed in changes in the vegetation. Vegetation survey, classification and mapping form the basis on which informed and scientifically defendable decisions on the environment can be taken. The classification and mapping of vegetation is one of the most widely used tools for interpreting complex ecosystems. By identifying different plant communities we are essentially identifying different ecosystems at a particular hierarchical level. Phytosociologists in Europe have been involved in such studies following, in particular, the Braun-Blanquet approach since the early 1900s. In South Africa, such studies were undertaken on a limited basis from the early 1970s and have since then steadily increased. The surveying of the enormous diversity of South African vegetation is one of the objectives of phytosociological studies. The demand for such data has steadily increased over the past few years to guide conservation policies, biodiversity studies and ecosystem management. In South Africa, numerous publications on the vegetation of conservation and other areas in the different biomes have been produced over the last few decades. However, vegetation scientists in South Africa experience unique problems. The purpose of this article is therefore to provide an overview of the history and the specific focus of phytosociological studies in South Africa and to recommend minimum requirements and methods to be followed when conducting such studies. It is believed that the incorporation of these requirements will result in scientifically justifiable research of high quality by phytosociologists in South Africa. Conservation implications: Effective conservation cannot be obtained without a thorough knowledge of the ecosystems present in an area. Consistent vegetation classifications and descriptions form the basis of conservation and monitoring exercises to maintain biodiversity. The incorporation of these guidelines and requirements will facilitate quality phytosociological research in South Africa.

Platberg is an inselberg that presents a refuge for indigenous plants and animals. Uncontrolled human access to this area threatens this sensitive ecosystem. The vegetation of Platberg was investigated to obtain an inventory of the different plant species and communities present in this area. A hierarchical classification, a description and an ecological interpretation of the grassland communities of Platberg are presented. A total of 169 sample plots were placed on a stratified random basis within the study area. From a TWINSPAN classification a total of 27 different plant communities, which can be grouped into two major community types, nine communities, 18 sub-communities and six variants, were identified. A significant difference in species richness was found between the two major communities, with the higher-altitude communities having a higher species richness than the communities on the lower-lying slopes. A total of 26 endemic or near endemic Drakensberg Alpine Centre species were recorded. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: Anthropogenic influences are felt globally on ecosystems. Highaltitude habitats and organisms will be affected first. Inselbergs have high levels of endemic organisms and are reservoirs and refugia for unique genetic material. This grassland plant community survey of Platberg provides valuable information on inselberg ecology for conservation planning.

A checklist of vascular plants of Platberg was compiled to determine species richness, rarity and endemism. The floristic analysis is part of the Department of Economic, Tourism and Environmental Affairs Free State biodiversity assessment programme and conservation management plan for Platberg. The analysis identified a total of 669 species belonging to 304 genera and 95 families, with 214 species belonging to the Monocotyledoneae and 438 species to the Dicotyledoneae. The largest family is Asteraceae with 126 species, followed by Poaceae with 73 species, Cyperaceae with 39 species, Fabaceae with 33 species, and Scrophulariaceae with 27 species. Various fynbos species were found, as well as 26 endemic/near-endemic species belonging to the Drakensberg Alpine Centre or Eastern Mountain Region. The results of this study revealed that Platberg shares inselberg floral richness and endemism that can be tracked via the Afromontane archipelago-like string of inselbergs and mountains, which stretch north through the Chimanimani Mountains, into Malawi, the Eastern Arc Mountains via Tanzania and north through Ethiopia, into Eurasia. Conservation implications: Platberg, as an inselberg, is a site of significant biological diversity, with high species richness, vegetation selection and ecosystem complexity. It shares floral richness and endemism via inselbergs and mountains throughout Africa. The high species richness, Red Data species and ecosystems make this area an important conservation site that should be legislated and protected.

The natural environment is constantly under threat from human-related activities. Platberg, overlooking the town of Harrismith in the Free State, is an inselberg that presents a refuge for indigenous plants and animals. The natural vegetation of the area is threatened by various farming and grazing practices, as well as by commercial development. In order to obtain baseline data and to obtain an improved understanding of the long-term ecological processes, the vegetation of Platberg was investigated to establish Afroalpine floristic links to the Drakensberg, as well as for the management of natural resources. From a Two-Way Indicator-Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) classification, refined by Braun-Blanquet methods, four major plant communities were identified, which were subdivided into fynbos, wetland, woody/shrub and grassland. A classification and description of the shrubland is presented in this article. The analysis showed the shrubland divided into 20 different plant communities, which are grouped into eight major communities, 13 sub-communities and eight variants. A total of 450 species was recorded from 109 relevés. A total of 24 endemic, or near-endemic, and Red Data species belonging to the Drakensberg Alpine Centre (DAC) was collected, with 22 alien (introduced) species also being recorded. Numerous floristic links with the DAC, the Cape Floristic Region and the Grassland Bioregions to the north and west were found. Conservation implications: The floristic composition and community analysis proves Platberg to be an important centre for plant diversity, with high species richness, a variety of habitats, and complex ecosystems. This description of the woodland communities can be used to assist with the setting of criteria for the management and protection of inselbergs in the province.

Within the Platberg area and the wider Drakensberg region, the shrinking natural resources and the threat posed to biodiversity are of concern to conservation management and require an understanding of long-term ecological processes. The vegetation of Platberg was investigated as part of an ecological survey to establish Afromontane floristic links to the Drakensberg as well as for the management of natural resources. From a TWINSPAN classification, refined by the Braun-Blanquet method, four main plant communities were identified, which were subdivided into fynbos, wetland, a woody/shrub community and grassland. A classification and description of the fynbos are presented in this article. The analysis showed the fynbos divided into two communities comprising four sub-communities and seven variants. The fynbos community had an average of 28.34 species per relevé, ranging from 14 to 54 species per sample plot. Twenty-four endemic or near-endemic Drakensberg Alpine Centre (DAC) species and 22 exotic (alien-invasive) species were recorded. Numerous floristic links with the DAC, Cape flora fynbos and grassland bioregions to the north and west were also found. The description of the fynbos plant communities can serve as a basis for the formulation of management plans for the area.

Clinical diagnosis of arachnoiditis is characterized by a burning, ardent pain with dysesthesia and vesical, rectal and sexual dysfunction that appear after an adverse event during a spinal surgical procedure; it can be confirmed through magnetic resonance or myelogram followed by lumbar spine tomography. In this study, a retrospective review was conducted of image studies from 436 patients referred to a pain clinic with diagnosis of arachnoiditis in order to identify specific patterns on the radiological images that could help to determine the potential etiology of this disease. The apparent cause was correlated to the appearance of neurological changes after spine injections, interventions or surgical procedures. Neurological deficits were observed in 160 patients after myelograms, rachidian or peridural anesthesia, epidural blood patches or injection of steroids or neurolytic drugs for the management of chronic pain. Eleven (6.8%) of these patients had inflammation of roots, 135 (84.3%) had roots in bunches and 12 cases (7,5%) had roots adhered to the dural sac. Two cases of syringomyelia were observed in patients with thoracal or high lumbar peridural anesthesia. Of 276 other patients in which the clinical diagnosis of arachnoiditis was established after spine surgical procedures, 259 patients (93.8%) had roots in bunches, 152 (55%) had a deformed dural sac and peridural fibrosis was observed in 241 patients (87.3%). Pseudomeningocele and intrathecal calcifications were observed in 21 (7.6%) and 4 (0.15%) of the surgical cases, respectively. It is concluded that radiological images in cases of arachnoiditis caused by injections and invasive procedures are only characterized by roots in bunches. However, surgical patients have, in addition to roots in bunches, deformation of the dural sac and healing and fibrotic tissue at the epidural space undergoing surgery.

El diagnóstico clínico de aracnoiditis se caracteriza por dolor ardiente, quemante con disestesia, disfunción vesical, rectal y sexual que se presentan después de un evento adverso durante una intervención en la columna vertebral; puede ser confirmado por una resonancia magnética o por un mielograma seguido de una tomografía de la columna lumbar. En este estudio se revisaron a posteriori los estudios de imaginología de 436 pacientes referidos a una clínica de dolor con el diagnóstico de aracnoiditis con el objeto de identificar patrones específicos de imágenes radiológicas que permitieran la identificación de la posible etiología de esta enfermedad. La causa aparente fue correlacionada con la aparición de cambios neurológicos presentándose después de inyecciones, intervenciones u operaciones de la columna vertebral. Fueron notados déficits neurológicos en 160 pacientes después de mielogramas, anestesia raquídea o peridural, parches epidurales de sangre, inyecciones de esteroides o neurolíticos para tratar dolor crónico. De estos enfermos, 11 (6,8%) tenían raíces inflamadas, 135 (84,3%) tenían raíces en racimo y en 12 casos (7,5%) las raíces se adherían al saco dural. Dos casos de siringomielia fueron notados en pacientes que tuvieron anestesia peridural torácica o lumbar alta. De 276 pacientes, otros en los que el diagnóstico clínico de aracnoiditis se presentó después de intervenciones quirúrgicas de la columna vertebral, 259 pacientes (93,8%) tenían raíces en racimo, 152 (55%) tenían un saco dural deformado, y fibrosis peridural se notó en 241 enfermos (87,3%). Pseudomeningoceles y calcificaciones intratecales se notaron en 21 (7,6%) y en 4 (0,15%) de los casos operados, respectivamente. Se deduce que las imágenes radiológicas en casos de aracnoiditis causados por inyecciones e intervencionismo, se caracterizan únicamente por raíces en racimo. Mientras que en los pacientes operados tienen, además de raíces en racimo, deformidades del saco dural y tejido cicatricial y fibrótico en el espacio epidural intervenido quirúrgicamente.

Typically, in an internal combustion engine, thousands of cycles are performed in a minute. In this sequence of cycles many physical and chemical quantities change from cycle to cycle. For example, the combustion heat changes due to residual gases, imperfect combustion and other reasons. In this work, we present two finite-time thermodynamics models for both an Otto and a Diesel cycle, in which the cyclic variability is studied as occurring in the heat capacities of the working fluid. The fluctuations considered are of the uncorrelated type (uniform and gaussian) and one correlated case (logistic map distribution). We find that in the correlated fluctuations case, the power output and the efficiency of both cycles reach bigger fluctuations than in the uncorrelated cases. This result can provide insights over the performance of internal combustion engines.

En máquinas de combustión interna, típicamente, miles de ciclos son realizados en un minuto. En esta secuencia de ciclos algunas cantidades físicas y químicas cambian de ciclo a ciclo. Por ejemplo, el calor de combustión cambia debido a gases residuales, a combustión imperfecta y a otras razones. En este trabajo presentamos dos modelos a tiempo finito para los ciclos Otto y Diesel, en los cuales se estudia la variabilidad cíclica como si estuviera ocurriendo en las capacidades caloríficas de la sustancia de trabajo. Consideramos tanto fluctuaciones descorrelacionadas (uniforme y gaussiana) como correlacionadas (distribución tipo mapa logístico). Encontramos que en el caso de las fluctuaciones correlacionadas, la potencia y la eficiencia de ambos ciclos alcanzan mayores fluctuaciones que en los casos descorrelacionados. Este resultado puede ayudar a comprender mejor el funcionamiento de máquinas de combustión interna.

Six flit-gun sprayers were tested for possible use in mosquito adulticide programs where inexpensive nonmotorized application technology may be required. An analysis of variance for differences in droplets <= 24 microns (µ), droplets > or = 48 µ, droplets/cm², volume median diameters, and mosquito mortality is provided. As shown by these data, good results can be achieved with this equipment.

Se pusieron a prueba seis atomizadores de compresión activados a mano a fin de evaluar su utilidad para programas de exterminio de mosquitos adultos en que se necesiten tecnologías no motorizadas de bajo costo. Se hace un análisis de la varianza en cuanto a partículas <= 24 y > o = 48 micras (µ), partículas/cm², diámetro del volumen mediano, y número de mosquitos muertos. Los datos confirman que pueden obtenerse buenos resultados con aparatos de este tipo.